This article recognizes Colombia's multiethnic and multicultural character, a significant departure from the assimilationist policies of the 1886 Constitution. It provides the constitutional basis for indigenous rights, including prior consultation (following ILO Convention 169), collective territories, and special indigenous jurisdiction. Similar provisions exist in the Bolivian Constitution (2009) and Ecuadorian Constitution (2008), reflecting the 'plurinational' trend in Latin American constitutionalism.